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Inter-Varsity Press, Leicester. The Greek Myths: 2 London: Penguin, Catholic Conference, Inc. Collegeville: The Liturgical Press Gaudium and Spes He Does Not Impose. Jewish Lights Publishing. Masonic Quarterly Magazine Retrieved 7 May The Quest for Grace. Penguin Books, Ringwood. Introduction to Leo Tolstoy. Philosophy East and West. JSTOR Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht pp. Outlines of the History of Ethics. Eberhard Bethge ed. Neville Horton Smith trans. London p. American Philosophical Quarterly. Conscience: An Interdisciplinary View. Reidel, Dordrecht. Psychoanalytic Review. PMID Broadway Books. ISBN X. Appeals to Conscience.

Ethics ; — Greatness and Limitations of Freud's Thought. Jonathan Cape, London. Oxford University Press. The Feeling of What Happens. The Social Conscience. Shepheard-Walwyn, London. Created from animals: the moral implications of Darwinism. Oxford paperbacks. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Science and Conscience. Conscience and Its Right to Freedom. Sheed and Ward, New York Hannah Arendt: politics, conscience, evil. Martin Robertson, Oxford. Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation.

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The Thought of Thomas Aquinas. Leo Sherley-Price trans Penguin Books. The Cloud of Unknowing. Clifton Wolters trans. London ch. The Kingdom of the Lovers of God. Kegan Paul. III pp. Part 2 proposition Part 3 proposition The Great Philosophers. The Oxford Companion to the Mind. Philosophy of Right. Macmillan, London. Table Talk. The Grolier Society.

Vol The World as Will and Idea. Vol 1. Routledge and Kegan Paul. NY p. Man and Society. Integrity and Conscience. Locke: A Biography. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Dover Publications. Leviathan Molesworth W ed J Bohn. London, Pt 2. Ch 29 p. Enquiry Concerning Political Justice. Codell Carter K ed , Clarendon Press. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Ch VI. The Philosophy of Josiah Royce. Thomas Y Crowell Co.

Parenting For Everyone. Retrieved 23 October Crises of the Republic. Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. University of Toronto Press. The Life of the Mind. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York. Bibcode : Natur. S2CID London The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. The Free Press. Principia Ethica. Obligations: Essays on Disobedience, War and Citizenship. Clarion-Simon and Schuster. Life's Dominion. Harper Collins, London Buddhism: Its Essence and development. Harper Torchbooks. Atlantic Books. Modern Philosophy: An Introduction and Survey.

Regarding the Pain of Others. Hamish Hamilton, London. Penguin Books, London. Also available here and here. Retrieved 30 October The Unconscious Civilisation. Massey Lectures Series. Anansi Pres, Toronto. ISBN X pp. The Theory of Morality. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. Oxford University Press, New York.

Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority. Conscience in the English Common Law Tradition. Conscience Voting. Veritas Pub. Morley, W. Retrieved 22 October A Theory of Justice. American Political Science Review. Army deserter arrested at Border" opposed Iraq war. New York Review of Books. Retrieved 18 October Plowing My Own Furrow. Syracuse University Press. The Life and Mind of John Dewey. Southern Illinois University Press. Einstein: His Life and Universe. Simon and Schuster. Life of Johnson. I — Rosa Parks. Penguin Lives. New York: Viking. The New York Times , 17 March Retrieved 20 October Wed, 24 September Retrieved 27 January Rolling Stone. Archived from the original PDF on 6 January Retrieved 10 December CS1 maint: archived copy as title link accessed 10 December The Eye of the Storm.

The Journal of Leadership Studies. Retrieved 15 February Passage to Freedom: The Sugihara Story. Center from Holocaust and Genocide Studies. American University Law Review. Obedience to Authority. Rider and Co. Willetts ed The Conscience of the World. Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. Abacus London. The Way. Shambhala, Boston. ABC Books. London, Routledge. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 18 September Barnard Castle , an old tower W. Barn-burners , name formerly given to an extreme radical party in the United States, as imitating the Dutchman who, to get rid of the rats, burned his barns.

Barnes, Thomas , editor of the Times , under whom the paper first rose to the pre-eminent place it came to occupy among the journals of the day Barnet 5 , a town in Hertfordshire, almost a suburb of London; a favourite resort of Londoners; has a large annual horse and cattle fair; scene of a battle in , at which Warwick, the king-maker, was slain. Barnett, John , composer, born at Bedford; author of operas and a number of fugitive pieces Barneveldt, Johann van Olden , Grand Pensionary of Holland, of a distinguished family; studied law at the Hague, and practised as an advocate there; fought for the independence of his country against Spain; concluded a truce with Spain, in spite of the Stadtholder Maurice, whose ambition for supreme power he courageously opposed; being an Arminian, took sides against the Gomarist or Calvinist party, to which Maurice belonged; was arrested, tried, and condemned to death as a traitor and heretic, and died on the scaffold at 71 years of age, with sanction, too, of the Synod of Dort, in Barnsley 35 , a manufacturing town in W.

Yorkshire, 18 m. Barnum , an American showman; began with the exhibition of George Washington's reputed nurse in ; picked up Tom Thumb in ; engaged Jenny Lind for concerts in , and realised a fortune, which he lost; started in with his huge travelling show, and realised another fortune, dying worth five million dollars Barocci , a celebrated Italian painter, imitator of the style of Correggio Baroque , ornamentation of a florid and incongruous character, more lavish and showy rather than true and tasteful; much in vogue from the 16th to the 18th centuries. Barra , a small island, one of the Hebrides, 5 m. Uist, the inhabitants of which are engaged in fisheries. Barrack-Room Ballads , ballads by Rudyard Kipling, with a fine martial strain.

Barrel Mirabeau , Viscount de Mirabeau, brother of the great tribune of the name, so called from his bulk and the liquor he held. Barrier Reef, The Great , a slightly interrupted succession of coral reefs off the coast of Queensland, of m. Barriers, Battle of the , a battle fought within the walls of Paris in between Napoleon and the Allies, which ended in the capitulation of the city and the abdication of Napoleon. Barrow , a river in Ireland rising in the Slievebloom Mts. Barrow, Sir John , secretary to the Admiralty for 40 years, and much esteemed in that department, distinguished also as a man of letters; wrote the Lives of Macartney, Anson, Howe, and Peter the Great Barrow-in-Furness 51 , a town and seaport in N.

Lancashire, of recent rapid growth, owing to the discovery of extensive deposits of iron in the neighbourhood, which has led to the establishment of smelting works and the largest manufacture of steel in the kingdom; the principal landowners in the district being the Dukes of Devonshire and Buccleuch. Barry, Sir Charles , architect, born at Westminster; architect of the new Palace of Westminster, besides other public buildings Barry Cornwall. See Procter. Bart , or Barth, Jean , a distinguished French seaman, born at Dunkirk, son of a fisherman, served under De Ruyter, entered the French service at 20, purchased a ship of two guns, was subsidised as a privateer, made numerous prizes; having had other ships placed under his command, was captured by the English, but escaped; defeated the Dutch admiral, De Vries; captured his squadron laden with corn, for which he was ennobled by Louis XIV.

Bartholomew, St. Festival, Aug. Bartholomew Hospital , an hospital in Smithfield, London, founded in ; has a medical school attached to it, with which the names of a number of eminent physicians are associated. Bartholomew's Day, St. Bartizan , an overhanging wall-mounted turret projecting from the walls of ancient fortifications. Bartlett, John H. Bartoli, Daniele , a learned Italian Jesuit, born at Ferrara Bartoli, Pietro , Italian engraver, engraved a great number of ancient works of art Bartolini, Lorenzo , a Florentine sculptor, patronised by Napoleon; produced a great number of busts Baruch , 1 the friend of the prophet Jeremiah, and his scribe, who was cast with him into prison, and accompanied him into Egypt; 2 a book in the Apocrypha, instinct with the spirit of Hebrew prophecy, ascribed to him; 3 also a book entitled the Apocalypse of Baruch, affecting to predict the fall of Jerusalem, but obviously written after the event.

Barye , a French sculptor, distinguished for his groups of statues of wild animals Peter and St. Basedow, Johann Bernard , a zealous educational reformer, born at Hamburg; his method modelled according to the principles of Rousseau; established a normal school on this method at Dessau, which, however, failed from his irritability of temper, which led to a rupture with his colleagues Basel 74 , in the NW.

Basel, Council of , met in , and laboured for 12 years to effect the reformation of the Church from within. It effected some compromise with the Hussites, but was hampered at every step by the opposition of Pope Eugenius IV. Asserting the authority of a general council over the Pope himself, it cited him on two occasions to appear at its bar, on his refusal declared him contumacious, and ultimately endeavoured to suspend him. Failing to effect its purpose, owing to the secession of his supporters, it elected a rival pope, Felix V. At length, in , the pope died, Felix resigned, and Nicholas V. The decrees of the council were directed against the immorality of the clergy, the indecorousness of certain festivals, the papal prerogatives and exactions, and dealt with the election of popes and the procedure of the College of Cardinals.

They were all confirmed by Nicholas V. Palestine of considerable extent, and at one time densely peopled; the men of it were remarkable for their stature. Bashahr , a native hill state in the Punjab, traversed by the Sutlej; tributary to the British Government. Bashkirs , originally a Finnish nomad race and still so to some extent of E. Russia, professing Mohammedanism; they number some , Bashkirtseff, Marie , a precocious Russian young lady of good family, but of delicate constitution, who travelled a good deal with her mother, noted her impressions, and left a journal of her life, which created, when published after her death, an immense sensation from the confessions it contains Basil, St.

There were several Basils of eminence in the history of the Church: Basil, bishop of Ancyra, who flourished in the 4th century; Basil, the mystic, and Basil, the friend of St. Basil I. Basilica , the code of laws, in 60 books, compiled by Basil I. Basilica , a spacious hall, twice as long as broad, for public business and the administration of justice, originally open to the sky, but eventually covered in, and with the judge's bench at the end opposite the entrance, in a circular apse added to it.

They were first erected by the Romans, B. Basilicon Doron i. Royal Gift , a work written by James I. Baskerville, John , a printer and typefounder, originally a writing-master in Birmingham; native of Sion Hill, Worcestershire; produced editions of classical works prized for their pre-eminent beauty by connoisseurs in the art of the printer, and all the more for their rarity Basoche , a corporation of lawyers' clerks in Paris. See Bazoche. Basque Provinces , a fertile and mineral district in N. Sebastian, and Vittoria; the natives differ considerably from the rest of the Spaniards in race, language, and customs.

See Basques. Basques , a people of the Western Pyrenees, partly in France and partly in Spain; distinguished from their neighbours only by their speech, which is non-Aryan; a superstitious people, conservative, irascible, ardent, proud, serious in their religious convictions, and pure in their moral conduct. Bas-relief i. Bass Rock , a steep basaltic rock at the mouth of the Firth of Forth, ft. Bassano , a town in Italy, on the Brenta, 30 m. Bassano, Duc de , an intriguing French diplomatist in the interest of Bonaparte, and his steadfast auxiliary to the last Bassorah 40 , a port in Asiatic Turkey, on the Shatt-el-Arab; a place of great commercial importance when Bagdad was the seat of the caliphate; for a time sank into insignificance, but has of late revived.

Bastian, Dr. Bastille lit. Basutoland , a fertile, healthy, grain-growing territory in S. Africa, SE. Basutos , a S. African race of the same stock as the Kaffirs, but superior to them in intelligence and industry. Batangas , a port in the island of Luzon, one of the Philippine Islands, which has a considerable trade. Batavia , the capital of Java, on the N. Also the ancient name of Holland; insula Batavorum it was called—that is, island of the Batavi, the name of the native tribes inhabiting it. Bates, Henry Walter , a naturalist and traveller, born at Leicester; friend of, and a fellow-labourer with, Alfred R.

Bath 54 , the largest town in Somerset, on the Avon; a cathedral city; a place of fashionable resort from the time of the Romans, on account of its hot baths and mineral waters, of which there are six springs; it was from to the scene of Beau Nash's triumphs; has a number of educational and other institutions, and a fine public park. It was originally a military order, and it is only since that civil Knights, Knights Commanders, and Companions have been admitted as Knights. The first class, exclusive of royal personages and foreigners, is limited to military and 28 civil; the second, to military and 50 civil; and the third, to military and civil.

Bathgate 5 , largest town in Linlithgowshire; a mining centre; the birthplace of Sir J. Simpson, who was the son of a baker in the place. Bathilda, St. Bathos , an anti-climax, being a sudden descent from the sublime to the commonplace. Bathurst 10 , the principal town on the western slopes of New South Wales, second to Sydney, with gold mines in the neighbourhood, and in a fertile wheat-growing district. Bathurst , a district in Upper Canada, on the Ottawa, a thriving place and an agricultural centre. Batley 28 , a manufacturing town in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, 8 m. Batn-el-Hajar , a stony tract in the Nubian Desert, near the third cataract of the Nile. Baton-Rouge 10 , a city on the E.

Baton-sinister , a bend-sinister like a marshal's baton, an indication of illegitimacy. Battas , a Malay race, native to Sumatra, now much reduced in numbers, and driven into the interior. Battersea , a suburb of London, on the Surrey side of the Thames, opposite Chelsea, and connected with it by a bridge; with a park acres in extent; of plain and recent growth; till lately a quite rural spot. Battle , a market-town in Sussex, near Hastings, so called from the battle of Senlac, in which William the Conqueror defeated Harold in Battle of the Spurs , a an engagement at Courtrai in where the burghers of the town beat the knighthood of France, and the spurs of knights were collected after the battle; b an engagement at Guinegate, , in which Henry VIII.

Battue , method of killing game after crowding them by cries and beating them towards the sportsmen. See Philemon. Baumgarten-Crusius , a German theologian of the school of Schleiermacher; professor of Theology at Jena; born at Merseburg; an authority on the history of dogma, on which he wrote Bautzen , a town of Saxony, an old town on the Spree, where Napoleon defeated the Prussians and Russians in ; manufactures cotton, linen, wool, tobacco, paper, etc. Bavaria 5, , next to Prussia the largest of the German States, about the size of Scotland; is separated by mountain ranges from Bohemia on the E.

The country is a tableland crossed by mountains and lies chiefly in the basin of the Danube. It is a busy agricultural state: half the soil is tilled; the other half is under grass, planted with vineyards and forests. Salt, coal, and iron are widely distributed and wrought. The chief manufactures are of beer, coarse linen, and woollen fabrics. Formerly a dukedom, the palatinate, on the banks of the Rhine, was added to it in Napoleon I. Bavaria fought on the side of Austria in , but joined Prussia in Bay City 27 , place of trade, and of importance as a great railway centre in Michigan, U. Bayard , a horse of remarkable swiftness belonging to the four sons of Aymon, and which they sometimes rode all at once; also a horse of Amadis de Gaul.

Bayeux 7 , an ancient Norman city in the dep. Bayeux Tapestry , representations in tapestry of events connected with the Norman invasion of England, commencing with Harold's visit to the Norman court, and ending with his death at the battle of Hastings; still preserved in the public library of Bayeux; is so called because originally found there; it is ft. It is a question whose work it was. Bayonne 24 , a fortified French town, trading and manufacturing, in the dep. Simonianism, in association with Enfantin q. Bazoche , a guild of clerks of the parliament of Paris, under a mock king, with the privilege of performing religious plays, which they abused.

Beachy Head , a chalk cliff in Sussex, ft. Beaconsfield , capital of the gold-mining district in Tasmania; also a town in Buckinghamshire, 10 m. His endeavours to enter Parliament as a Radical failed twice in ; in he was unsuccessful again as a Tory. His first seat was for Maidstone in ; thereafter he represented Shrewsbury and Buckinghamshire. For 9 years he was a free-lance in the House, hating the Whigs, and after leading the Young England party; his onslaught on the Corn Law repeal policy of made him leader of the Tory Protectionists.

He was for a short time Chancellor of the Exchequer under Lord Derby in , and coolly abandoned Protection. Returning to power with his chief six years later, he introduced a Franchise Bill, the defeat of which threw out the Government. In office a third time in , he carried a democratic Reform Bill, giving household suffrage in boroughs and extending the county franchise. Succeeding Lord Derby in , he was forced to resign soon afterwards. In he entered his second premiership. Two years were devoted to home measures, among which were Plimsoll's Shipping Act and the abolition of Scottish Church patronage.

Then followed a showy foreign policy. The securing of the half of the Suez Canal shares for Britain; the proclamation of the Queen as Empress of India; the support of Constantinople against Russia, afterwards stultified by the Berlin Congress, which he himself attended; the annexation of Cyprus; the Afghan and Zulu wars, were its salient features.

Defeated at the polls in he resigned, and died next year. A master of epigram and a brilliant debater, he really led his party. He was the opposite in all respects of his protagonist, Mr. Lacking in zeal, he was yet loyal to England, and a warm personal friend of the Queen Bear , name given in the Stock Exchange to one who contracts to deliver stock at a fixed price on a certain day, in contradistinction from the bull , or he who contracts to take it, the interest of the former being that, in the intervening time, the stocks should fall, and that of the latter that they should rise.

Bear, Great. See Ursa Major. Beam , an ancient prov. Beatification , religious honour allowed by the pope to certain who are not so eminent in sainthood as to entitle them to canonisation. Beaton , or Bethune, David , cardinal, archbishop of St. Andrews, and primate of the kingdom, born in Fife; an adviser of James V. Andrews, and was assassinated within its walls shortly after; with his death ecclesiastical tyranny of that type came to an end in Scotland Beaton, James , archbishop of Glasgow and St.

Andrews, uncle of the preceding, a prominent figure in the reign of James V. Beatrice , a beautiful Florentine maiden, Portinari, her family name, for whom Dante conceived an undying affection, and whose image abode with him to the end of his days. She is his guide through Paradise. Beauclerk, Topham , a young English nobleman, the only son of Lord Sydney Beauclerk, a special favourite of Johnson's, who, when he died, lamented over him, as one whose like the world might seldom see again Beaufort, Duke of , grandson of Henry IV. Beaufort, Henry , cardinal, bishop of Winchester, son of John of Gaunt, learned in canon law, was several times chancellor; took a prominent part in all the political movements of the time, exerted an influence for good on the nation, lent immense sums to Henry V.

Cross at Winchester Beaumont, Francis , dramatic poet, born in Leicestershire, of a family of good standing; bred for the bar, but devoted to literature; was a friend of Ben Jonson; in conjunction with his friend Fletcher, the composer of a number of plays, about the separate authorship of which there has been much discussion, the dramatic power of which comes far short of that so conspicuous in the plays of their great contemporary Shakespeare, though it is said contemporary criticism gave them the preference He had a theory of his own of the formation of the crust of the earth Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant , American Confederate general, born at New Orleans; adopted the cause of the South, and fought in its behalf Beaurepaire , a French officer, noted for his noble defence of Verdun against the Prussians; preferred death by suicide to the dishonour of surrender Beautiful Parricide , Beatrice Cenci q.

Beauty and the Beast , the hero and heroine of a famous fairy tale. Beauty falls in love with a being like a monster, who has, however, the heart of a man, and she marries him, upon which he is instantly transformed into a prince of handsome presence and noble mien. Beauvais 19 , capital of the dep. Beauvais , a French prelate, born at Cherbourg, Bishop of Senez, celebrated as a pulpit orator Beauvillier , a statesman, patron of letters, to whom Louis XIV. Bebek Bay , a fashionable resort on the Bosphorus, near Constantinople, and with a palace of the sultan.

Beccafumi, Domenico , one of the best painters of the Sienese school, distinguished also as a sculptor and a worker in mosaic He was a utilitarian in philosophy and a disciple of Rousseau in politics. Beche-de-mer , a slug, called also the trepang, procured on the coral reefs of the Pacific, which is dried and eaten as a dainty by the Chinese. Becher, Johann Joachim , chemist, born at Spires; distinguished as a pioneer in the scientific study of chemistry Bechuana-land , an inland tract in S. The whole country is under British protection; that part which is S. On a plateau ft. The soil is fertile; extensive tracts are suitable for corn; sheep and cattle thrive; rains fall in summer; in winter there are frosts, sometimes snow.

The Kalahari Desert in the W. Gold is found near Sitlagoli, and diamonds at Vryburg. The Bechuanas are the most advanced of the black races of S. African race, totemists, rearers of cattle, and growers of maize; are among the most intelligent of the Bantu peoples, and show considerable capacity for self-government. Becker, Karl , German philologist; bred to medicine; author of a German grammar Becket, Thomas a , archbishop of Canterbury, born in London, of Norman parentage; studied at Oxford and Bologna; entered the Church; was made Lord Chancellor; had a large and splendid retinue, but on becoming archbishop, cast all pomp aside and became an ascetic, and devoted himself to the vigorous discharge of the duties of his high office; declared for the independence of the Church, and refused to sign the Constitutions of Clarendon q.

The struggle was one affecting the relative rights of Church and king, and the chief combatants in the fray were both high-minded men, each inflexible in the assertion of his claims Beckx, Peter John , general of the Jesuits, born in Belgium Bed of Justice , a formal session of the Parlement of Paris, under the presidency of the king, for the compulsory registration of the royal edicts, the last session being in , under Louis XVI. Bedchamber, Lords or Ladies of , officers or ladies of the royal household whose duty it is to wait upon the sovereign—the chief of the former called Groom of the Stole, and of the latter, Mistress of the Robes.

Bedell , bishop of Kilmore and Ardagh, born in Essex; studied at Cambridge; superintended the translation of the Old Testament into Irish; though his virtues saved him and his family for a time from outrage by the rebels in , he was imprisoned at the age of 70, and though released, died soon after Bedford , a midland agricultural county of England, generally level, with some flat fen-land; also the county town 28 , on the Great Ouse, clean and well paved, with excellent educational institutions, famous in connection with the life of John Bunyan, where relics of him are preserved, and where a bronze statue of him by Boehm has been erected to his memory by the Duke of Bedford in ; manufactures agricultural implements, lace, and straw plaiting; Elstow, Bunyan's birthplace, is not far off.

Bedford, John, Duke of , brother of Henry V. Bedford Level , a flat marshy district, comprising part of six counties, to the S. Bedouins , Arabs who lead a nomadic life in the desert and subsist by the pasture of cattle and the rearing of horses, the one element that binds them into a unity being community of language, the Arabic namely, which they all speak with great purity and without variation of dialect; they are generally of small stature, of wiry constitution, and dark complexion, and are divided into tribes, each under an independent chief. Born at Litchfield, Connecticut, U.

Siddons Beef-eaters , yeomen of the royal guard, whose institution dates from the reign of Henry VII. Beehive houses , small stone structures, of ancient date, remains of which are found sometimes in clusters in Ireland and the W. Beeswing , a gauze-like film which forms on the sides of a bottle of good port. Beets, Nicolas , a Dutch theologian and poet, born at Haarlem; came, as a poet, under the influence of Byronism; b.

Begg, James , Scotch ecclesiastic, born at New Monkland, Lanark; was a stalwart champion of old Scottish orthodoxy, and the last Beghards , a religious order that arose in Belgium in the 13th century, connected with the Beguins, a mystic and socialistic sect. Beguins , a sisterhood confined now to France and Germany, who, without taking any monastic vow, devote themselves to works of piety and benevolence. Begum , name given in the E. Indies to a princess, mother, sister, or wife of a native ruler. Behar 24, , a province of Bengal, in the valley of the Ganges, which divides it into two; densely peopled; cradle of Buddhism. She wrote plays and novels Behring Strait , a strait about 50 m. America, which connects the Arctic Ocean with the Pacific; discovered by the Danish navigator Vitus Behring in , sent out on a voyage of discovery by Peter the Great.

Beira 1, , a central province of Portugal, mountainous and pastoral; gives title to the heir-apparent to the Portuguese throne. Beke, Dr. Bekker, Immanuel , philologist, born in Berlin, and professor in Halle; classical textual critic; issued recensions of the Greek and Latin classics Bel and the Dragon, History of , one of the books of the Apocrypha, a spurious addition to the book of Daniel, relates how Daniel persuaded Cyrus of the vanity of idol-worship, and is intended to show its absurdity. Bela I. Bela IV. Belcher, Sir Edward , admiral, was engaged in several exploring and surveying expeditions; sailed round the world, and took part in the operations in China Belfast , county town of Antrim, and largest and most flourishing city in the N.

It is the centre of the Irish linen and cotton manufactures, the most important shipbuilding centre, and has also rope-making, whisky, and aerated-water industries. Its foreign trade is larger than even Dublin's. It is the capital of Ulster, and head-quarters of Presbyterianism in Ireland. Belfort 83 , a fortified town in dep. The citadel was by Vauban. Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion. French is the language of educated circles and of the State; but the prevalence of dialects hinders the growth of a national literature. The land is low and level and fertile in the N. The Meuse and Scheldt are the chief rivers, the basin of the latter embracing most of the country.

Climate is similar to the English, with greater extremes. Rye, wheat, oats, beet, and flax are the principal crops. Agriculture is the most painstaking and productive of the world. The hilly country is rich in coal, iron, zinc, and lead. The trade is enormous; France, Germany, and Britain are the best customers. It is a small country of large cities. The capital is Brussels , in the centre of the kingdom, but communicating with the ocean by a ship canal.

The railways, canals, and river navigation are very highly developed. The government is a limited monarchy; the king, senate, and house of representatives form the constitution. There is a conscript army of 50, men, but no navy. Transferred from Spain to Austria in Belgium was under French sway from till , when it was united with Holland, but established its independence in Belgrade 54 , the capital of Servia, on the confluence of the Save and Danube; a fortified city in an important strategical position, and the centre of many conflicts; a commercial centre; once Turkish in appearance, now European more and more. Belial , properly a good-for-nothing, a child of worthlessness; an incarnation of iniquity and son of perdition, and the name in the Bible for the children of such.

Bell, Acton. Bell, Andrew, LL. Bell, Currer. Bell, Ellis. Bell, Henry , bred a millwright, born in Linlithgowshire; the first who applied steam to navigation in Europe, applying it in a small steamboat called the Comet , driven by a three horse-power engine Bell, Henry Glassford , born in Glasgow, a lawyer and literary man, sheriff of Lanarkshire; wrote a vindication of Mary, Queen of Scots, and some volumes of poetry Bell, Peter , Wordsworth's simple rustic, to whom the primrose was but a yellow flower and nothing more. Bella, Stephano della , a Florentine engraver of great merit, engraved over plates; was patronised by Richelieu in France, and the Medici in Florence Belle France , i. Belle-Isle 60 , a fortified island on the W. Belleisle, Charles Louis Auguste Fouquet, Count of , marshal of France; distinguished in the war of the Spanish Succession; an ambitious man, mainly to blame for the Austrian Succession war; had grand schemes in his head, no less than the supremacy in Europe and the world of France, warranting the risk; expounded them to Frederick the Great; concluded a fast and loose treaty with him, which could bind no one; found himself blocked up in Prague with his forces; had to force his way out and retreat, but it was a retreat the French boast comparable only to the retreat of the Ten Thousand; was made War Minister after, and wrought important reforms in the army Bellenden, John , of Moray, a Scottish writer in the 16th century; translated, at the request of James V.

Bellenden, William , a Scottish writer, distinguished for diplomatic services to Queen Mary, and for the purity of his Latin composition; a professor of belles-lettres in Paris University Bellerophon, mounted on Pegasus, the winged horse given him by Pallas, slew the monster, and on his return received the daughter of Iobates to wife. Bellerophon, Letters of , name given to letters fraught with mischief to the bearer. See supra. Belles-lettres , that department of literature which implies literary culture and belongs to the domain of art, whatever the subject may be or the special form; it includes poetry, the drama, fiction, and criticism.

Belleville , a low suburb of Paris, included in it since ; the scene of one of the outrages of the Communists. Belliard, Comte de , a French general and diplomatist; fought in most of the Napoleonic wars, but served under the Bourbons on Napoleon's abdication; was serviceable to Louis Philippe in Belgium by his diplomacy Bellini, Jacopo , a painter from Florence who settled in Venice, the father and founder of the family; d. Belloy , a French poet, born at St. Belphoebe i. Belsham, Thomas , a Unitarian divine, originally Calvinist, born at Bedford; successor to the celebrated Priestley at Hackney, London; wrote an elementary work on psychology Belshazzar , the last Chaldean king of Babylon, slain, according to the Scripture account, at the capture of the city by Cyrus in B.

Beltane , or Beltein , an ancient Celtic festival connected with the sun-worship, observed about the 1st of May and the 1st of November, during which fires were kindled on the tops of hills, and various ceremonies gone through. Rivers in the NE. The centre and W. Fierce extremes of temperature prevail. There are few cattle, but sheep are numerous; the camel is the draught animal.

Where there is water the soil is fertile, and crops of rice, cotton, indigo, sugar, and tobacco are raised; in the higher parts, wheat, maize, and pulse. Both precious and useful metals are found; petroleum wells were discovered in the N. The population comprises Beluchis, robber nomads of Aryan stock, in the E. All are Mohammedan. Kelat is the capital; its position commands all the caravan routes. Quetta, in the N. The Khan of Kelat is the ruler of the country and a vassal of the Queen.

Bem, Joseph , a Polish general, born in Galicia; served in the French army against Russia in ; took part in the insurrection of ; joined the Hungarians in ; gained several successes against Austria and Russia, but was defeated at Temesvar; turned Mussulman, and was made pasha; died at Aleppo, where he had gone to suppress an Arab insurrection; he was a good soldier and a brave man Bemba , a lake in Africa, the highest feeder of the Congo, of an oval shape, m. Bembo, Pietro , cardinal, an erudite man of letters and patron of literature and the arts, born at Venice; secretary to Pope Leo X. Mark's; made cardinal by Paul III. Ben Lawers , a mountain in Perthshire, ft. Ben Ledi , a mountain in Perthshire, ft. Ben Lomond , a mountain in Stirlingshire, ft. Inverness-shire, ft.

Ben Rhydding , a village in the West Riding of Yorkshire, 15 m. Benares , the most sacred city of the Hindus, and an important town in the NW. Provinces; is on the Ganges, m. It presents an amazing array of temples and mosques with towers and domes and minarets innumerable. The bank of the river is laid with continuous flights of steps whence the pilgrims bathe; but the city itself is narrow, crocked, crowded, and dirty. Many thousand pilgrims visit it annually. It is a seat of Hindu learning; there is also a government college.

The river is spanned here by a magnificent railway bridge. Benbow, John , admiral, born at Shrewsbury; distinguished himself in an action with a Barbary pirate; rose rapidly to the highest post in the navy; distinguished himself well in an engagement with a French fleet in the W. Indies; he lost a leg, and at this crisis some of his captains proved refractory, so that the enemy escaped, were tried by court-martial, and two of them shot; the wound he received and his vexation caused his death.

He was a British tar to the backbone, and of a class extinct now Bencoolen , a town and a Dutch residency in SW. Benedetti, Count Vincent , French diplomatist, born at Bastia, in Corsica; is remembered for his draft of a treaty between France and Prussia, published in , and for his repudiation of all responsibility for the Franco-German war; b. Benedict , the name of fourteen popes: B. Of all the popes of this name it would seem there is only one worthy of special mention.

Benedict XIV. Benedict, Biscop , an Anglo-Saxon monk, born in Northumbria; made two pilgrimages to Rome; assumed the tonsure as a Benedictine monk in Provence; returned to England and founded two monasteries on the Tyne, one at Wearmouth and another at Jarrow, making them seats of learning; b. She received the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in , the third woman to win the award for poetry, Paul Verlaine. Birthplace: Metz, France Birthdate: He is considered one of the greatest representatives of the fin de JesseBusser added William S. Burroughs was a primary figure of the Beat Generation and a major postmodernist author Michel Foucault. Birthplace: Poitiers, France Birthdate: Armistead Maupin. Armistead Jones Maupin, Jr. Paul Bowles. Paul Frederic Bowles ; December 30, — November 18, was an American expatriate composer, author, and translator.

He became associated with Tangier, where he settled in and lived for Rita Mae Brown. Rita Mae Brown born November 28, is an American writer, activist, and feminist. She is best known for her first novel Rubyfruit Jungle. Brown is also a mystery writer and screenwriter Audre Lorde. Audre Lorde ; born Audrey Geraldine Lorde; February 18, — November 17, was an American writer, feminist, womanist, librarian, and civil rights activist. As a poet, she is best known for Manuel Puig. Birthplace: General Villegas, Argentina Birthdate: Gide's career ranged from its Michael Cunningham.

Michael Cunningham born November 6, is an American novelist and screenwriter. Ethan Mordden. Ethan Mordden is an American author Edward Albee. Hansberry was the first black female author to have a play performed on Broadway. Her best Wilfred Owen. Birthplace: Oswestry, England Birthdate: He was one of the leading poets of the First World War. His war poetry on the horrors of trenches and Elizabeth Bishop. Birthplace: Worcester, Massachusetts Birthdate: Elizabeth Bishop February 8, — October 6, was an American poet and short-story writer.

Mary Renault. In addition to Evelyn Waugh. Arthur Evelyn St. John Waugh ; 28 October — 10 April was an English writer of novels, biographies, and travel books, and he was also a prolific journalist and book reviewer. His most Clive Barker born 5 October is an English writer, film director, and visual artist. Barker came to prominence in the mids with a series of short stories, the Books of Blood, which Birthplace: Caprese Michelangelo, Italy Birthdate: Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, commonly known as Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer of the High Renaissance who exerted an unparalleled David Leavitt.

David Leavitt ; born June 23, is an American novelist, short story writer, and biographer George Gordon Byron. Violette Leduc. Birthplace: Arras, France Birthdate: Violette Leduc 7 April — 28 May was a French author Susan Sontag. Susan Sontag ; January 16, — December 28, was an American writer, filmmaker, philosopher, teacher, and political activist. She mostly wrote essays, but also published novels; she David Charles Manners. David Charles Manners born is a British writer published in four languages. He is a representative for the charity Diversity Role Models, and the co-founder of Sarvashubhamkara, a charity Herman Melville.

Herman Melville born Melvill; August 1, — September 28, was an American novelist, short story writer, and poet of the American Renaissance period. Among his best-known works are Typee Birthplace: California Birthdate: Trebor Healey is an American poet and novelist. He spent his MoonshadowRachel added Jack Kerouac. He is Andrew Holleran. Andrew Holleran is the pseudonym of Eric Garber born , an Aruban novelist, essayist, and short story writer. He is a prominent novelist of post-Stonewall gay literature. He was a member of The Randy Shilts. Birthplace: Davenport, Iowa Birthdate: Randy Shilts August 8, — February 17, was an American journalist and author. Newhere added Dustin Lance Black. Terrence McNally. Terrence McNally November 3, — March 24, was an American playwright, librettist, and screenwriter.

McNally has been described as "a probing and enduring dramatist" and "one of the David Sedaris. David Raymond Sedaris ; born December 26, is an American humorist, comedian, author, and radio contributor. He was publicly recognized in when National Public Radio broadcast his essay Maurice Sendak. Maurice Bernard Sendak ; June 10, — May 8, was an American illustrator and writer of children's books. He became widely known for his book Where the Wild Things Are, first published in Marquis de Sade. Fernando Pessoa. Birthplace: Lisbon District, Portugal Birthdate: Sarah Waters. Birthplace: Neyland, United Kingdom Birthdate: Sarah Ann Waters born 21 July is a Welsh novelist.

She is best known for her novels set in Victorian society and featuring lesbian protagonists, such as Tipping the Velvet and Fingersmith Birthplace: Bromsgrove, United Kingdom Birthdate: Housman, was an English classical scholar and poet, best known to the general public for his cycle of poems A Birthplace: Concord, Massachusetts Birthdate: Henry David Thoreau see name pronunciation; July 12, — May 6, was an American essayist, poet, and philosopher. A leading transcendentalist, Thoreau is best known for his book Walden, a Reinaldo Arenas. Birthplace: Oriente Province, Cuba Birthdate: Reinaldo Arenas July 16, — December 7, was a Cuban poet, novelist, and playwright known as an early sympathizer, and later critic of Fidel Castro and the revolution, and a rebel of Vita Sackville-West.

She was a successful novelist, The novel sequence La John Milton. Birthplace: Cheapside, United Kingdom Birthdate: John Milton 9 December — 8 November was an English poet, polemicist, man of letters, and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under its Council of State and later under Oliver Bertold Brecht. Birthplace: Augsburg, Germany Birthdate: Bret Easton Ellis born March 7, is an American author, screenwriter, and short story writer. Ellis was first regarded as one of the so-called literary Brat Pack, which also included Tama Marguerite Yourcenar. Birthplace: Brussels, Belgium Birthdate: Henry James 15 April — 28 February was an American-British author regarded as a key transitional figure between literary realism and literary modernism, and is Joanna Russ.

Joanna Russ February 22, — April 29, was an American writer, academic and radical feminist. She is the author of a number of works of science fiction, fantasy and feminist literary Jeanette Winterson. Birthplace: Manchester, United Kingdom Birthdate: Jeanette Winterson born 27 August is an English writer, who became famous with her first book, Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit, a semi-autobiographical novel about a sensitive teenage girl John Donne. Birthplace: London, United Kingdom Birthdate: He is considered the pre-eminent representative of the metaphysical poets. His works are Constantine P. Birthplace: Alexandria, Egypt Birthdate: Dorothy Allison. Birthplace: Greenville, South Carolina Birthdate: Dorothy Allison born April 11, is an American writer from South Carolina whose writing focuses on class struggle, sexual abuse, child abuse, feminism and lesbianism.

She is a self-identified Buzz the Bear added E. Annie Proulx. Birthplace: Norwich, Connecticut Birthdate: August 22, Edna Ann Proulx ; born August 22, is an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. She has written most frequently as Annie Proulx but has also used the names E. Annie Proulx and Pier Paolo Pasolini. Birthplace: Bologna, Italy Birthdate: Harvey Fierstein. KalliDamschen added Hans Christian Andersen. Birthplace: Odense, Denmark Birthdate: Although a prolific writer of plays, travelogues, novels, and poems, he is best Stefan George. Birthplace: Chaeronea, Greece Birthdate: Jane Bowles.