I M Jumping Off The Bridge Analysis
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Why Are So Many Dogs Jumping Off This Bridge? - Mystery Girl
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In , the Michigan state highway commissioner advocated construction of a floating tunnel across the Straits. At the invitation of the state legislature, C. Fowler of New York City put forth a plan for a long series of causeways and bridges across the straits from Cheboygan , 17 miles 27 km southeast of Mackinaw City, to St. Ignace, using Bois Blanc , Round , and Mackinac islands as intermediate steps. In , the state legislature ordered the State Highway Department to establish ferry service across the strait. More and more people used ferries to cross the straits each year, and as they did, the movement to build a bridge increased. Chase Osborn , a former governor, wrote:.
Michigan is unifying itself, and a magnificent new route through Michigan to Lake Superior and the Northwest United States is developing, via the Straits of Mackinac. It cannot continue to grow as it ought with clumsy and inadequate ferries for any portion of the year. By , the ferry service had become so popular and so expensive to operate that Michigan Governor Fred W. Green ordered the department to study the feasibility of building a bridge across the strait.
In , the Michigan Legislature created the Mackinac Straits Bridge Authority to explore possible methods of constructing and funding the proposed bridge. The Legislature authorized the Authority to seek financing for the project. In the mids, during the Great Depression, when numerous infrastructure projects received federal aid, the Authority twice attempted to obtain federal funds for the project but was unsuccessful.
Roosevelt endorsed the project but Congress never appropriated funds. Between and , the Authority selected a route for the bridge based on preliminary studies. Borings were made for a detailed geological study of the route. The preliminary plans for the bridge featured a 3-lane roadway, a railroad crossing on the underdeck of the span, and a center-anchorage double-suspension bridge configuration similar to the design of the San Francisco — Oakland Bay Bridge. Because this would have required sinking an anchorage pier in the deepest area of the Straits, the practicality of this design may have been questionable.
However, a unique engineering challenge was created by the tremendous forces that operate against the base of the bridge, because the lakes freeze during the winter, causing large icebergs to place enormous stress on the bridge. At that time, with funding for the project still uncertain, further work was put on hold because of the outbreak of World War II. The Mackinac Straits Bridge Authority was abolished by the state legislature in , but the same body created a new Mackinac Bridge Authority three years later in In June , engineers were retained for the project.
By then, it was reported that cars queuing for the ferry at Mackinaw City did not reach St. Ignace until five hours later, and the typical capacity of vehicles per hour could not match the estimated 1, for a bridge. However, a weak bond market in forced a delay of more than a year before the bonds could be issued. David B. Steinman was appointed as the design engineer in January and by the end of , estimates and contracts had been negotiated. A civil engineer at the firm, Abul Hasnat, did the preliminary plans for the bridge. Tolls collected were to pay for the bridge in 20 years. The bridge was built under two major contracts.
Contrary to popular belief, none of them are entombed in the bridge. The bridge was formally dedicated on June 25, Mennen Williams was governor during the construction of the Mackinac Bridge. Senator Prentiss M. Brown has been called the "father of the Mackinac Bridge", [19] and was honored with a special memorial bridge token created by the Mackinac Bridge Authority. The bridge officially achieved its millionth crossing exactly 40 years after its dedication, on June 25, Ignace causeway.
The design of the Mackinac Bridge was directly influenced by the lessons from the first Tacoma Narrows Bridge , which failed in because of its instability in high winds. Three years after that disaster, Steinman had published a theoretical analysis of suspension-bridge stability problems, which recommended that future bridge designs include deep stiffening trusses to support the bridge deck and an open-grid roadway to reduce its wind resistance.
Both of these features were incorporated into the design of the Mackinac Bridge. The stiffening truss is open to reduce wind resistance. The Mackinac Bridge is a toll bridge on Interstate 75 I Marie, Michigan , and Alligator Alley in Florida. Painting of the bridge takes seven years, [26] and when painting of the bridge is complete, it begins again. The current painting project began in and was expected to take 20 years to complete because the lead-based paint needs to be removed, incurring additional disposal requirements.
The bridge celebrated its millionth vehicle crossing on September 6, Five workers died during the construction of the bridge: [30]. All five men are memorialized on a plaque near the bridge's northern end Bridge View Park. Contrary to folklore, no bodies are embedded in the concrete. One worker has died since the bridge was completed. Daniel Doyle fell 60 to 70 feet 18 to 21 m from scaffolding on August 7, His body was recovered the next day in 95 feet 29 m of water. Virgil Osborne, Capt. James Robbins, and Capt. Wayne W.
Wisbrock smashed into one of the bridge's suspension cables while flying in a heavy fog. The impact tore the wings off the plane, which then plunged into the Straits of Mackinac. All three men were killed. Because the bridge is not accessible to pedestrians, [a] suicides by jumping from the bridge have been rare, with the most recent confirmed case taking place on December 31, Some individuals have difficulty crossing bridges, a phenomenon known as gephyrophobia. The Mackinac Bridge Authority has a Drivers Assistance Program that provides drivers for those with gephyrophobia, or anyone who is more comfortable having someone else drive them across.
More than a thousand people use this service every year. Those interested can arrange, either by phone or with the toll collector, to have their cars or motorcycles driven to the other end. There is no additional fee for this service. Bicycles and pedestrians are not permitted on the bridge. Up until , an exception was allowed for riders of two annual bicycle tours. Travelers across the Mackinac Bridge can listen to an AM radio broadcast that recounts the history of the bridge and provides updates on driving conditions. The Mackinac Bridge Walk has been held each year since , [ inconsistent ] when it was led by Governor G.
Mennen Williams. The first walk was held during the Bridge's Dedication Ceremony held in late June, and has been held on Labor Day since Until , school buses from local districts transported walkers from Mackinaw City to St. Ignace to begin the walk. Thousands of people, traditionally led by the Governor of Michigan, cross the five-mile 8 km span on foot from St. Ignace to Mackinaw City. Before , people walked the Bridge from Mackinaw City to St.
Prior to , two lanes of the bridge would remain open to public vehicle traffic; this policy was changed in to close the entire bridge to public vehicle traffic for the duration of the event. During the summer months, the Upper Peninsula and the Mackinac Bridge have become a major tourist destination. It was entitled "Connecting the Peninsulas of Michigan" and ,, copies were issued. On April 24, , Captain John S. Following a general court-martial , he was grounded for life. The program features numerous interviews with the key people who built the structure and includes restored 16mm color footage of the bridge's construction. On July 19, , the Detroit Science Center unveiled an foot-long 24 m , foot-tall 5.
The exhibit was part of the state's 50th anniversary celebration of the bridge. Sherwin-Williams supplied authentic Mackinac Bridge-colored paint for the project. Host Mike Rowe and crew spent several days filming the episode in May
