Personal Narrative: The Tough Mudder

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Overcoming Obstacles: Inspiring True Stories of Mudder Nation - Tough Mudder

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Daniel created A. Over the next 4. His mother was unable to support him or co-sign on a loan, and he had to resort to asking his grandmother in a nursing home to co-sign instead. State Department focused on political stabilization and economic development in war-torn societies. Alerje uses proactive patient design to improve patient outcomes and reduce the cost of care in the food allergy industry. Bandwagon helps artists, athletes, entertainers, and event organizers connect with their fan communities to deliver world-class personalized experiences.

A rising star in data, identity, and experience space, Harold has had his ideas validated as a graduate and now mentor of the Founder Institute Greenville chapter; graduate of Capital Factory - Austin, one of the inaugural companies in Google for Startups Black Founders Exchange Program, and most recently the inaugural cohort of the IBM Blockchain Accelerator in He also serves as a board member for Women Austin, a non-profit that focuses on the advancement of women entrepreneurs as they grow their companies. To that end, Harold is also an active angel investor, investing in women, people of color, and Black founder-led companies.

As a strong believer in mentorship, he makes time to speak with youth and his peers about his journey to entrepreneurship and how he has found success along the way. Black Women's Wealth Alliance strengthens the pulse of the movement and momentum for the economic advancement and success of Black Women. Additionally, she has led on community development boards, commissions, and other related initiatives and holds extensive experience as a direct business service provider, facilitating lending and technical support to small businesses.

McKnight has garnered several awards and honors. Brown Toy Box is a children's educational products company that creates STEAM kits, toys, games and digital content that centers and celebrates Black children. In , as the subscription box industry thrived, Bradley noticed a tremendous gap in the market similar to the gap in the traditional retail market. Civic Eagle is a collaboration software for lobbyists and policy leaders. When it comes to entrepreneurial experience, Damola started and successful scaled a sneaker retail company while also being a member of the University of Minnesota Football Team.

When not leading Civic Eagle, he's also a co-owner of Sky Resort Studios, a Los Angeles based company that converts shipping containers into music production studios. When it comes to community experience, Damola has led voter drives, is on the board of two non-profits, and is obsessed with improving the American political process. Clubba by Usit is a virtual after school clubs for kids ages , led by college student counselors. While there, he worked as a research assistant for almost two years. Spirit was founded to build relationships, boost employee engagement, and perfect user's overall engagement strategy. Countifi uses computer vision and machine learning to help clients save money in inventory costs.

David Hailey is the CEO and Founder of Countifi formally Countalytics ; an image analysis and data analytics company that focuses on helping hospitals, airlines and universities manage inventory processes more efficiently. Prior to joining Delta, David worked at EY for seven years, holding positions in the external financial, internal audit and consulting divisions in the Charlotte, NC and Atlanta, GA offices. CourMed is an healthcare enterprise software that also facilitates innovative delivery of healthcare products. Miles received a certificate in Lean Healthcare from the University of Michigan and is enrolled at Stanford University working towards a professional certificate in Innovation and Entrepreneurship.

Courtroom5 is an automated legal toolbox for people in court without a lawyer. She is a Durham, NC native and electrical engineer. She lives in Durham with Dr. Cyber Pop-up connects businesses to on-demand cybersecurity services powered by an army of vetted and highly skilled freelancers. She has over a decade of experience leading cybersecurity functions within Fortune companies and teaches graduate-level cyber security courses. Christine earned a Ph. Her rapid growth in the technology industry landed her spots on numerous change-makers lists, including Business Crain's Tech 50 List and the Crains 20 in their 20s List.

Austin Webster grew up in Memphis, Tennessee, a city where music is not only embedded in the local culture but also heavily influenced the soundtrack to American life. Edifius offers mid-sized businesses operating internal call centers a web platform to build and deploy AI conversational voice agents for customer service interactions. Humphrey is a founder of two companies. Five to Nine is a workplace event program discovery, management, and evaluation software. Five to Nine allows companies to better manage and evaluate their employee engagement programs.

In her spare time, Jasmine loves to salsa dance and encourage others to take the leap into their five-to-nines. Florence is a labor and accredited, degree granting education platform for the healthcare professionals. Dante is Founder and Chief Executive Officer for Florence Technologies, mobile-first, degree granting educational marketplace for healthcare. Previously, he served as a cofounder for Worksite Labs, a national laboratory platform responding to the COVD crisis, helping grow to national scale and eight figure revenue in a single year.

He also served as founder and CEO of Cerebro, a venture backed labor marketplace for healthcare. He also completed coursework towards a doctorate in health economics. Freeman Capital is an investment app that provides a hyper-personalized wealth journey that simplifies comprehensive wealth management into a monthly subscription service. Calvin F. Williams, Jr. Freeman Capital is for all hardworking people looking for a better future. Since age 12, Williams has had an entrepreneurial spirit starting his first business venture, a lawn care service.

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Compassionate, zealous, visionary and inspiring are just a few of the words that describe Jasmine Crowe, an HBCU alumna who is working to make the world a better place. Deeply rooted in service Jasmine launched her first company BCG in Through BCG she partnered with celebrities across the nation in a host of cause campaigns to ensure their star-power was being used for good. In January of , she launched Goodr, a sustainable food surplus management company that leverages technology to combat hunger and reduce waste. Today Goodr redirects surplus food from convention centers, airports, and businesses to people who are food insecure. In her spare time, she enjoys reading, traveling and spending time with friends and family. Healthy Hip Hop infuses cutting-edge technology, education and positive attributes within the hip-hop culture to improve learning environments.

HUED is a technology enabled platform that diversifies the patient-physician experience by connecting Black and Latino patients with culturally competent healthcare providers that specifically understand their physical, mental and cultural needs. HUED is a healthcare engagement solution tailored to address the needs of Black and Latino populations. Starting her career at the intersection of social justice, media and technology, Kimberly ventured into healthcare technology following a personal health experience. Prior to founding HUED, she created and curated content across print, linear and digital platforms for major media outlets and consumer brands.

Chasity Wright is an experienced professional with a demonstrated history of working in the information technology and services industry. Jax is creating inclusion in the gig economy by renting cars to car-less people and empowering them to make money through gig work. He grew his entrepreneurial legs early. As an adolescent, he dabbled in everything from shoveling snow, to selling Nextel ringtones, to flipping custom apparel. Julius knew the value of a dollar and the payoff of exploiting a market through creative thinking.

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He is a physician by training and received a B. Akili advises several venture-backed healthcare startups and is passionate about improving health outcomes in overlooked communities, the intersection of healthcare and culture, and placemaking. Just Add Honey provides unique tea experiences to be shared amongst friends, or during quiet moments in the comfort of your home or our tea house. Jermail Shelton is a relationship driven development officer, whose primary focus is on establishing and maintaining long-term strategic partnerships.

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Kanarys is a SaaS platform that provides clear metrics to diagnose, benchmark and optimize diversity, equity and inclusion in the workplace. Kanarys uses a data-based approach to pinpoint what companies may not have been able to see before so DEI strategies and interventions are precise, measurable and result in lasting transformation. Mandy left her career as a Harvard-educated attorney to co-found Kanarys, a DEI tech platform that fosters collaboration between companies and employees on DEI in the workplace. Her interest in DEI began early in her career when she helped create the division of diversity and community engagement at the University of Texas at Austin as an undergrad.

She resides in Dallas, Texas, with her husband and two children. Knac is a SAAS recruiting platform that makes it easier for companies to screen and manage applicants in their pipeline. We help people not get ghosted. Ariel Lopez is a career coach, entrepreneur, and public speaker with an expertise in digital media and technology. She is the Founder and CEO of Knac, a platform that provides recruiters with a more efficient tool for screening applicants, managing their pipeline, and ensuring they don't miss out on great talent.

With almost a decade of recruiting experience, she's had the privilege to help some of the biggest brands in the world build great teams. Ariel has worked with thousands of marketing, advertising, and tech professionals to help them grow in their careers and find lucrative opportunities. She has also been featured in publications like Forbes, FastCompany, Refinery29, BusinessInsider and others to share my advice. Kommute is a way to communicate remotely through instantly shareable videos. Don is an entrepreneur, startup evangelist, writer and public speaker. He is currently the founder and CEO of Kommute, the first video messaging platform for businesses. Laine London is a first-of-its-kind bridal shop upending the wedding dress experience by providing chic, high-end wedding dresses for rent vs.

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In , she became a pioneer in the hair and beauty industry after turning her side hustle into the first patent-pending process of pre-curled and looped synthetic hair after growing concerned that she may burn her clients while rolling and dipping the hair in boiling water. Within one year and through strategic social media engagement, she built a million-dollar e-commerce beauty brand; Curlkalon Hair Collection.

Tiffini resides in Atlanta, Georgia with her husband and four children. Laundris is an autonomous supply chain management platform. We optimize and streamline top two expenses labor and linens and other trackable items for customers such as hoteliers, health care, and food operations. Our patented software provides data in real-time. Prior to founding Laundris, Don was a former Tech Sales executive skilled in generating revenue for software companies. Aside from being recognized by Google as one of the top 30 Black founders in America to watch in , he was also recognized by the Austin Business Journal as one of the top 21 Entrepreneurs to watch for She is a self-proclaimed introvert and tinkerer who believes in creating new everyday experiences that uncover the existing connections and empathy within our communities.

Originally hailing from Brooklyn, NY, she currently resides in Chicago with her wife and their plant babies. LoanWell is an automated loan origination platform for community banks, credit unions, CDFIs and loan funds with end-to-end functionality for intake, underwriting, closing, servicing, and reporting. Bernard has a strong design and software engineering products background ranging from Fortune companies like Forbes and Visa to cutting-edge organizations like Moogfest. He has designed and engineered mobile, web, and virtual reality applications for thousands of users. He has led and been part of multiple startups over the last decade. LVNGbook provides customizable cookbooks for chronic conditions.

Shaun Chavis started LVNGbook after a friend was diagnosed with a condition that required her to change how she eats. Overwhelmed, her friend reached out for help figuring out what she could eat. Shaun could relate. And she's a cookbook editor with a culinary degree! Later, she interviewed over people and discovered 7 out of 10 also feel stressed and overwhelmed by lists and meal plans from doctors and hospitals. Their tools combine good food, nutrition, behavioral science, culture, and technology.

Make Music Count is a math curriculum and app taught through playing popular songs on the piano. He received a B. S in mathematics from Morehouse college and has played professional gospel piano since the age of Marcus dedicates his energy to developing creative curriculum for students to embrace learning. Through its culturally relevant approach, Make Music Count connects the dots where the traditional methods of teaching fall short. Marcus believes that students will reach their full educational potential once curriculum reflects their identity and experiences. MantisEDU, Inc provides immersive high tech learning activities for students.

Laron Walker, M. Later, he enrolled in Purdue University where he obtained his Masters of Science in the same area. As an authority in web technologies, Laron has been instrumental in architecting and developing leading education platforms, tools and programs that effortlessly deliver relevant content to those that truly need access. Laron Walker spends a tremendous amount of his time evangelizing STEM education with schools and organizations focused on kids and their academic development.

He works to ensure that education is open, accessible, and affordable to all. As the CEO of MantisEDU, Inc, Laron is developing programs that teach kids workforce relevant skills by creatively blending computer science and hands on learning in relevant and practical applications. As a result, kids are being exposed to concepts such as machine learning, data science, big data and application development via interactive lessons and activities very early in their education journey. Mar Dat assists C-suite clients in digital marketing strategies, business data optimization, and digital transformation with a focus on people, process, and enabling technologies. Love Hudson-Maggio is a highly accomplished, forward-thinking business leader and change agent with an exemplary record of success maximizing ROI for Fortune clients via innovative data strategies and outstanding customer service.

With demonstrated technology and data governance expertise, Love has delivered invaluable knowledge and advice to C-suite executives and key decision makers that generates millions of dollars of increased revenue. Recognized for her keen ability to translate complex product information while steadfastly reacting to changing environments, she devises and executes long-term, sustainable, scalable solutions. MedHaul is a tech-enabled marketplace that makes it easy to find and book transportation for people with special needs. Erica is a clinical informatics consultant turned technology entrepreneur with over a decade of experience developing and implementing technology solutions for some of the biggest names in healthcare such as Epic Systems, Cerner, Google Ventures-backed Flatiron Health, and St.

After working within multiple health systems and noticing the various social barriers that exist, she founded MedHaul, an end-to-end platform for scheduling special needs transportation. MindRight Health provides mental health coaching over text message to empower underserved communities to heal from trauma. Hines comes from a musical background with almost all members of family singing or playing an instrument. Over the past 20 years, his career included major label artist management, media and entertainment consulting at Accenture, and establishing the Product Management department in the Atlanta office of the global design firm HUGE. Gaining experience in negotiating complex deals and working with artists opened his eyes to all the opportunities that applying technology to the business of entertainment could create.

He currently lives in Atlanta with his family. Musicbuk is a music education marketplace that allows people to book virtual music lessons with world-class instructors. DuMarkus Davis is a violinist and entrepreneur. His company MusicBuk was awarded funding by Google and accelerated through Techstars. It works by giving students access to vetted musicians for one-on-one virtual music lessons. He's played at Carnegie Hall and guest lectured at Stanford. MyTAASK automates time-consuming tasks and fosters a community of people to seek and exchange knowledge.

She is also certified in both project management and change management and an expert in personality profile facilitation. She is married to her college sweetheart Abdoul Sanogo and they have 3 children: Khalil, Ayallah, and Sanai. She loves all things outdoors and photography. Nivelo reduces digital payments risk in real time; ensuring everyone has access to fast and secure money movement over the internet. Beforehand, she has 10 years experience working at J. She also launched the Interbank Information Network the largest interbank blockchain product in prod , and defined strategy and execution for new products across the Banking production portfolio including: payments, stablecoins, liquidity management, central bank digital assets and supply chain financing.

Optimal Tech helps clients get the smartest and most efficient power solutions. Parker has more than 25 years of experience in technology design and management. Parker has distinguished himself as a thought leader in business, engineering, and commercialization. Parker graduated one Ph. Origyn is a community-based market tool connecting shoppers to products from community-based businesses. Davion Ziere is a global citizen focused on embodying the world we wish to live in. Zai is an artist, serial post-growth entrepreneur, writer and space facilitator cultivating visions and systems that value and respect all forms of life.

He is the eldest of 9 siblings and loves his family, community, travel and exploring all that we don't know. His former accolades include being recognized by the State of Georgia for substantial economic development work in communities of color, becoming the 1 sales leader in North America for TESLA, writing legislation for the U. House of Representatives, crafting curriculum for national non-profits such as the Children's Defense Fund, consulting Top 20 U.

Universities on how to build community around creativity and innovation, and more. Pharaoh's Conclave prepares youth for eSports careers. Jakita O. Thomas, Ph. In , Dr. Thomas was conferred a Ph. Polaris Genomics, the precision behavioral health company, is using the power of genomics and machine learning to advance the diagnosis and treatment of mental health disorders like PTSD. Charles is a U. He retired from active duty in with 23 years of service between the U. Air Force and the U. Portrait Coffee is a specialty coffee company leveraging excellent product and hospitality to reimagine black representation in our industry.

The name for Portrait Coffee comes from the desire to change the picture that comes to mind when folks think of specialty coffee. For the past two years, he has been hard at work with his team at Portrait Coffee. Possip gives organizations the pulse on their diverse and dispersed community using routine text-message based pulse checks in over languages and our insights platform - starting with schools and districts. Shani is the founder and CEO of Possip. As a mom, a former public school Math teacher, and a strategy consultant - Shani knows firsthand the needs that schools have to hear from diverse families, as well as the power of the data and insights that can come from families and staff for schools and communities.

In starting Possip, Shani seeks to strengthen schools, organizations and communities by elevating the ideas of those at the frontlines. The company advocates for production professionals of all backgrounds and is proud to help level the playing field for women and professionals of color, who are underrepresented in the entertainment industry. Senate and House Subcommittee for Small Business and Entrepreneurship to advocate for stimulus funding for the film industry and underrepresented founders. She also participated in two small business roundtables at the behest of the Biden-Harris campaign in October Qoins helps people save more money and pay off debt faster by automating their finances and providing financial education. Nate Washington is the Chief Technology Officer of Qoins, a software that takes the spare change from user's everyday transactions and automatically pays off the user's student loans and credit card debt.

Voyage connected drivers making long distance trips with empty seats with passengers who needed a ride. CodeLess taught its students how to build web and moblie apps without learning how to code. Raxplay is an immersive music company enabling real-time live VR concerts. Isaac Lymon is the co-founder and CEO of Raxplay with a mission to increase music artists' earning power. With a focus at the intersection of music and technology. SecondKeys unlocks the true potential of proactive property maintenance. Amber Hayes is the Founder and CEO of SecondKeys, a technology company revolutionizing real estate management by bridging the gap between owners, tenants, and data. In addition to her experience in programming and building products, she holds degrees in electrical engineering and computer science.

Amber has worked as a freelance programmer for a range of startups and as a contractor for apartment complexes before she created SecondKeys. Throughout her career, she has helped win numerous awards and accolades for her company. Throughout her career, she has dedicated her time to finding new solutions that promote a 21st century approach to the real estate industry. NanaEfua B. Afoh-Manin is an emergency doctor, public health practitioner, entrepreneur, and a champion for health equity. Inspired by the charitable works of her immigrant mother, Dr. Nana embarked on a path of service. After gaining the knowledge and experience to go where she was needed, Dr. Nana has dedicated her career to raising awareness about the social determinants of health in refugee, urban, and disaster settings.

As a highly sought-after scholar, consultant, and humanitarian, Dr. Nana has both trained clinicians and field officers and been deployed during public health crises. She has worked to ensure the health of communities and the safety of medical professionals through Hurricane Katrina, the Ebola Pandemic, and many other humanitarian relief efforts across the US, Africa, and the Caribbean. In helping to found Shared Harvest Fund, Dr. Nana has created a committed organization that works to combat socioeconomic disparities in healthcare through initiatives that advance holistic health outcomes for under-resourced communities globally. ShearShare is the first ML-enabled mobile marketplace for stylists to manage and grow their small business on their terms, starting with space to work.

Tye and Courtney Caldwell are the cofounders of ShearShare, the leading on-demand salon and barbershop space rental app. ShearShare is the leading space-as-a-service marketplace app that allows certified beauty and barbering professionals to rent empty space in beauty salons, barbershops, and spas by the day, week, or occasion in more than cities. Over 30, independent professionals and salon owners are active on the ShearShare platform.

She is a thought leader in the areas of beauty, entrepreneurship and wellness. Staat makes it super fast and easy for managers and their teams to have a unified, objective knowledge base to keep track and manage priorities and bottlenecks. Amanda Sabreah is the founder of Staat and Thought Factory. Amanda's mission is to tackle some of the world's most unique problems with extraordinary design and advanced technology. Her goal is to bring joy and make the lives of every day people easier. Stimulus is a relationship intelligence SaaS platform that uses data and analytics to help companies make better purchasing decisions. Stimulus is backed by amazing investors including Google for Startups, Juno Capital, Darco Capital, and more - growing with support from Microsoft and other great organizations.

La storia del libro continua a svilupparsi con la graduale transizione dal rotolo al codex , spostandosi dal Vicino Oriente del II - II millennio a. Fino al II secolo d. All'arrivo del Medioevo , circa mezzo millennio dopo, i codici - di foggia e costruzione in tutto simili al libro moderno - rimpiazzarono il rotolo e furono composti principalmente di pergamena. Quattro son troppi? Anche nei suoi distici, Marziale continua a citare il codex: un anno prima del suddetto, una raccolta di distici viene pubblicata con lo scopo di accompagnare donativi. Questa mole composta da numerosi fogli contiene quindici libri poetici del Nasone». Dal II secolo a. Nel mondo antico non godette di molta fortuna a causa del prezzo elevato rispetto a quello del papiro.

Il libro in forma di rotolo consisteva in fogli preparati da fibre di papiro phylire disposte in uno strato orizzontale lo strato che poi riceveva la scrittura sovrapposto ad uno strato verticale la faccia opposta. La scrittura era effettuata su colonne, generalmente sul lato del papiro che presentava le fibre orizzontali. Non si hanno molte testimonianze sui rotoli di pergamena tuttavia la loro forma era simile a quella dei libri in papiro. Gli inchiostri neri utilizzati erano a base di nerofumo e gomma arabica. Dal II secolo d. La vecchia forma libraria a rotolo scompare in ambito librario.

In forma notevolmente differente permane invece in ambito archivistico. Questo mezzo, permettendo l'accelerazione della produzione delle copie di testi contribuisce alla diffusione del libro e della cultura. Altri suoi distici rivelano che tra i regali fatti da Marziale c'erano copie di Virgilio , di Cicerone e Livio. Le parole di Marziale danno la distinta impressione che tali edizioni fossero qualcosa di recentemente introdotto. Sono stati rinvenuti "taccuini" contenenti fino a dieci tavolette. Nel tempo, furono anche disponibili modelli di lusso fatti con tavolette di avorio invece che di legno.

Ai romani va il merito di aver compiuto questo passo essenziale, e devono averlo fatto alcuni decenni prima della fine del I secolo d. Il grande vantaggio che offrivano rispetto ai rolli era la capienza, vantaggio che sorgeva dal fatto che la facciata esterna del rotolo era lasciata in bianco, vuota. Il codice invece aveva scritte entrambe le facciate di ogni pagina, come in un libro moderno. La prima pagina porta il volto del poeta. I codici di cui parlava erano fatti di pergamena ; nei distici che accompagnavano il regalo di una copia di Omero , per esempio, Marziale la descrive come fatta di "cuoio con molte pieghe".

Ma copie erano anche fatte di fogli di papiro. Quando i greci ed i romani disponevano solo del rotolo per scrivere libri, si preferiva usare il papiro piuttosto che la pergamena. I ritrovamenti egiziani ci permettono di tracciare il graduale rimpiazzo del rotolo da parte del codice. Fece la sua comparsa in Egitto non molto dopo il tempo di Marziale, nel II secolo d. Il suo debutto fu modesto. A tutt'oggi sono stati rinvenuti 1. Verso il d. I ritrovamenti egiziani gettano luce anche sulla transizione del codex dal papiro alla pergamena. Sebbene gli undici codici della Bibbia datati in quel secolo fossero papiracei, esistono circa 18 codici dello stesso secolo con scritti pagani e quattro di questi sono in pergamena. Non ne scegliemmo alcuno, ma ne raccogliemmo altri otto per i quali gli diedi dracme in conto.

Il codex tanto apprezzato da Marziale aveva quindi fatto molta strada da Roma. Nel terzo secolo, quando tali codici divennero alquanto diffusi, quelli di pergamena iniziarono ad essere popolari. In breve, anche in Egitto , la fonte mondiale del papiro , il codice di pergamena occupava una notevole quota di mercato. Sono tutti di pergamena, edizioni eleganti, scritti in elaborata calligrafia su sottili fogli di pergamena. Per tali edizioni di lusso il papiro era certamente inadatto. In almeno un'area, la giurisprudenza romana , il codex di pergamena veniva prodotto sia in edizioni economiche che in quelle di lusso. La caduta dell'Impero romano nel V secolo d. Il papiro divenne difficile da reperire a causa della mancanza di contatti con l' Antico Egitto e la pergamena , che per secoli era stata tenuta in secondo piano, divenne il materiale di scrittura principale.

I monasteri continuarono la tradizione scritturale latina dell' Impero romano d'Occidente. La tradizione e lo stile dell' Impero romano predominavano ancora, ma gradualmente emerse la cultura del libro medievale. I monaci irlandesi introdussero la spaziatura tra le parole nel VII secolo. L'innovazione fu poi adottata anche nei Paesi neolatini come l'Italia , anche se non divenne comune prima del XII secolo. Si ritiene che l'inserimento di spazi tra le parole abbia favorito il passaggio dalla lettura semi-vocalizzata a quella silenziosa. Prima dell'invenzione e della diffusione del torchio tipografico , quasi tutti i libri venivano copiati a mano, il che li rendeva costosi e relativamente rari. I piccoli monasteri di solito possedevano al massimo qualche decina di libri, forse qualche centinaio quelli di medie dimensioni.

Il processo della produzione di un libro era lungo e laborioso. Infine, il libro veniva rilegato dal rilegatore. Esistono testi scritti in rosso o addirittura in oro, e diversi colori venivano utilizzati per le miniature. A volte la pergamena era tutta di colore viola e il testo vi era scritto in oro o argento per esempio, il Codex Argenteus. Per tutto l'Alto Medioevo i libri furono copiati prevalentemente nei monasteri, uno alla volta. Il sistema venne gestito da corporazioni laiche di cartolai , che produssero sia materiale religioso che profano. Questi libri furono chiamati libri catenati. Vedi illustrazione a margine. L' ebraismo ha mantenuto in vita l'arte dello scriba fino ad oggi.

Anche gli arabi produssero e rilegarono libri durante il periodo medievale islamico , sviluppando tecniche avanzate di calligrafia araba , miniatura e legatoria. Col metodo di controllo, solo "gli autori potevano autorizzare le copie, e questo veniva fatto in riunioni pubbliche, in cui il copista leggeva il testo ad alta voce in presenza dell'autore, il quale poi la certificava come precisa". In xilografia , un'immagine a bassorilievo di una pagina intera veniva intagliata su tavolette di legno, inchiostrata e usata per stampare le copie di quella pagina.

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